http://hdl.handle.net/2115/157 Sun, 09 Jul 2017 21:22:36 GMT 2017-07-09T21:22:36Z http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65888 Title: New Multicentury Evidence for Dispersal Limitation during Primary Succession Authors: Kobayashi, Makoto; Wilson, Scott D. Abstract: Primary succession is limited by both ecosystem development and plant dispersal, but the extent to which dispersal constrains succession over the long-term is unknown. We compared primary succession along two co-occurring arctic chronosequences with contrasting spatial scales: sorted circles that span a few meters and may have few dispersal constraints and glacial forelands that span several kilometers and may have greater dispersal constraints. Dispersal constraints slowed primary succession by centuries: plots were dominated by cryptogams after 20 years on circles but after 270 years on forelands; plots supported deciduous plants after 100 years on circles but after >400 years on forelands. Our study provides century-scale evidence suggesting that dispersal limitations constrain the rate of primary succession in glacial forelands. Tue, 31 May 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65888 2016-05-31T15:00:00Z Kobayashi, Makoto Wilson, Scott D. Primary succession is limited by both ecosystem development and plant dispersal, but the extent to which dispersal constrains succession over the long-term is unknown. We compared primary succession along two co-occurring arctic chronosequences with contrasting spatial scales: sorted circles that span a few meters and may have few dispersal constraints and glacial forelands that span several kilometers and may have greater dispersal constraints. Dispersal constraints slowed primary succession by centuries: plots were dominated by cryptogams after 20 years on circles but after 270 years on forelands; plots supported deciduous plants after 100 years on circles but after >400 years on forelands. Our study provides century-scale evidence suggesting that dispersal limitations constrain the rate of primary succession in glacial forelands. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65238 Title: Flagellar waveforms of gametes in the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus Authors: Kinoshita, Nana; Shiba, Kogiku; Inaba, Kazuo; Fu, Gang; Nagasato, Chikako; Motomura, Taizo Abstract: Brown algae are members of the Stramenopiles and their gametes generally have two heterogeneous flagella: a long anterior flagellum (AF) with mastigonemes and a short posterior flagellum (PF). In this study, swimming paths and flagellar waveforms in free-swimming and thigmotactic-swimming male and female gametes and in male gametes during chemotaxis, were quantitatively analysed in the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. This analysis was performed using a high-speed video camera. It was revealed that the AF plays a role in changing the locomotion of male and female gametes from free-swimming to thigmotactic-swimming and also in changing the swimming path of male gametes from linear to circular during chemotaxis. In the presence of a sex pheromone, male gametes changed their swimming path from linear (swimming path curvature, 0-0.02 mu m(-1)) to middle and small circular path (swimming path curvature, 0.04-0.20 mu m(-1)). The flagellar asymmetry and the deflection angle of the AF became larger, whereas the oscillation pattern of the AF was stable. However, there was no correlation between the flagellar asymmetry and the deflection angle of the AF and the path curvature when the male gametes showed middle to small circular paths. The PF irregularly changed the deflection angle and the oscillation pattern was unstable depending on the gradient of the sex pheromone concentration. AF waveforms were independent of PF locomotion during chemotaxis. This means that the AF has the ability to change the swimming path of male gametes - for example, from a highly linear path to a circular path - while changes in locomotion from a middle circle path to a small circle path is the result of beating of the PF. Sat, 30 Apr 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65238 2016-04-30T15:00:00Z Kinoshita, Nana Shiba, Kogiku Inaba, Kazuo Fu, Gang Nagasato, Chikako Motomura, Taizo Brown algae are members of the Stramenopiles and their gametes generally have two heterogeneous flagella: a long anterior flagellum (AF) with mastigonemes and a short posterior flagellum (PF). In this study, swimming paths and flagellar waveforms in free-swimming and thigmotactic-swimming male and female gametes and in male gametes during chemotaxis, were quantitatively analysed in the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. This analysis was performed using a high-speed video camera. It was revealed that the AF plays a role in changing the locomotion of male and female gametes from free-swimming to thigmotactic-swimming and also in changing the swimming path of male gametes from linear to circular during chemotaxis. In the presence of a sex pheromone, male gametes changed their swimming path from linear (swimming path curvature, 0-0.02 mu m(-1)) to middle and small circular path (swimming path curvature, 0.04-0.20 mu m(-1)). The flagellar asymmetry and the deflection angle of the AF became larger, whereas the oscillation pattern of the AF was stable. However, there was no correlation between the flagellar asymmetry and the deflection angle of the AF and the path curvature when the male gametes showed middle to small circular paths. The PF irregularly changed the deflection angle and the oscillation pattern was unstable depending on the gradient of the sex pheromone concentration. AF waveforms were independent of PF locomotion during chemotaxis. This means that the AF has the ability to change the swimming path of male gametes - for example, from a highly linear path to a circular path - while changes in locomotion from a middle circle path to a small circle path is the result of beating of the PF. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64625 Title: Impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the density and activity pattern of deer evaluated with respect to spatial scale-dependency Authors: Agetsuma, Naoki; Koda, Ryosuke; Tsujino, Riyou; Agetsuma-Yanagihara, Yoshimi Abstract: This study examined the influence of anthropogenic disturbance (agriculture, forestry, hunting and feral domestic dogs) on the population density and daily activity pattern of deer. We quantified the effects of land use (broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous/broad-leaved forest, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation, forestry area, and agricultural land), along with hunting pressure, and densities of feral domestic dogs and wild macaques on deer. The effects of land use were analyzed at various spatial scales and a model selection procedure (generalized mixed model) was used to examine the effects of factors on density and daily activity pattern of deer at each spatial scale. The combinations of influential factors differed between density and daily activity pattern and changed with spatial scale. The spatial scale with the smallest Akaike's Information Criterion value was defined as the effective spatial scale for each of density and daily activity pattern. Deer density was affected positively by the percentage of area covered by broad-leaved forest, natural grassland and macaque density, and negatively by percentage of area covered by agricultural land and mixed forest at the effective spatial scales. For the daily activity pattern of deer, agricultural land, forestry area, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation and dog density reduced diurnal and increased nocturnal activity. Crepuscular activity increased with hunting pressure and subalpine vegetation, and decreased with agricultural land. Thus, daily activity pattern was sensitive to more types of anthropogenic disturbance than density. Detecting the appropriate spatial scales at which significant anthropogenic disturbance should be managed is essential for effective wildlife conservation. Mon, 29 Feb 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64625 2016-02-29T15:00:00Z Agetsuma, Naoki Koda, Ryosuke Tsujino, Riyou Agetsuma-Yanagihara, Yoshimi This study examined the influence of anthropogenic disturbance (agriculture, forestry, hunting and feral domestic dogs) on the population density and daily activity pattern of deer. We quantified the effects of land use (broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous/broad-leaved forest, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation, forestry area, and agricultural land), along with hunting pressure, and densities of feral domestic dogs and wild macaques on deer. The effects of land use were analyzed at various spatial scales and a model selection procedure (generalized mixed model) was used to examine the effects of factors on density and daily activity pattern of deer at each spatial scale. The combinations of influential factors differed between density and daily activity pattern and changed with spatial scale. The spatial scale with the smallest Akaike's Information Criterion value was defined as the effective spatial scale for each of density and daily activity pattern. Deer density was affected positively by the percentage of area covered by broad-leaved forest, natural grassland and macaque density, and negatively by percentage of area covered by agricultural land and mixed forest at the effective spatial scales. For the daily activity pattern of deer, agricultural land, forestry area, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation and dog density reduced diurnal and increased nocturnal activity. Crepuscular activity increased with hunting pressure and subalpine vegetation, and decreased with agricultural land. Thus, daily activity pattern was sensitive to more types of anthropogenic disturbance than density. Detecting the appropriate spatial scales at which significant anthropogenic disturbance should be managed is essential for effective wildlife conservation. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64422 Title: Discrimination of "grazing milk" using milk fatty acid profile in the grassland dairy area in Hokkaido Authors: Mitani, Tomohiro; Kobayashi, Kuniyuki; Ueda, Koichiro; Kondo, Seiji Abstract: Milk produced by the grazing system, referred to as grazing milk contains many components required for human health. The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is strongly associated with the diet on the farms. In the present study, based on the FA profile of farmer's bulk milk, we determined how to discriminate between milk produced on grazing and on a confinement system. A field survey was conducted four times (grazing and confinement season) in the Konsen (29 farms) and Okhotsk (25 farms) area in Hokkaido. Farmer's bulk milk samples and details of feeding management were collected and the FA profile of milk was measured. Milk produced during the grazing season contained less C16:0 and cis-9 C16:0, and more C18:0, cis-9 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9,12 C18:2, cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 and cis-9,12,15 C18:3 than milk produced during the confinement season. Discrimination analysis using 16 FA revealed that almost all milk samples were discriminated correctly (confinement season: 90% correct and 10% borderline, grazing season: 88% correct, 9% borderline and 3% incorrect). For farmers that were categorized incorrectly and were considered borderline in the grazing season, the dependency on pasture was low compared with that for farmers correctly discriminated. Therefore, to claim grazing milk, a high dependency on pasture is required for grazing dairy farmers. Tue, 28 Jul 2015 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64422 2015-07-28T15:00:00Z Mitani, Tomohiro Kobayashi, Kuniyuki Ueda, Koichiro Kondo, Seiji Milk produced by the grazing system, referred to as grazing milk contains many components required for human health. The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is strongly associated with the diet on the farms. In the present study, based on the FA profile of farmer's bulk milk, we determined how to discriminate between milk produced on grazing and on a confinement system. A field survey was conducted four times (grazing and confinement season) in the Konsen (29 farms) and Okhotsk (25 farms) area in Hokkaido. Farmer's bulk milk samples and details of feeding management were collected and the FA profile of milk was measured. Milk produced during the grazing season contained less C16:0 and cis-9 C16:0, and more C18:0, cis-9 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9,12 C18:2, cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 and cis-9,12,15 C18:3 than milk produced during the confinement season. Discrimination analysis using 16 FA revealed that almost all milk samples were discriminated correctly (confinement season: 90% correct and 10% borderline, grazing season: 88% correct, 9% borderline and 3% incorrect). For farmers that were categorized incorrectly and were considered borderline in the grazing season, the dependency on pasture was low compared with that for farmers correctly discriminated. Therefore, to claim grazing milk, a high dependency on pasture is required for grazing dairy farmers. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64400 Title: Three-dimensional organization of flagellar basal apparatus in Ectocarpus gametes Authors: Kinoshita, Nana; Fu, Gang; Ito, Toshiaki; Motomura, Taizo Abstract: The flagellar basal apparatus of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus was re-investigated in details using transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. As a result, three-dimensional structures with spatial arrangement of bands and microtubular flagellar rootlets were observed. Fibrous structures linking the anterior flagellar basal body to the major anterior rootlet (R3) or the bypassing rootlet was newly discovered in this study. A direct attachment from the minor anterior rootlet (R4) to the anterior and posterior basal bodies was also discovered, as were attachments from the minor posterior rootlet (R1) to the deltoid striated band and from the major posterior rootlet (R2) to the posterior fibrous band. The microtubular flagellar rootlets were connected to the bands and to the anterior or posterior basal body. These bands may have a role in maintaining the spatial arrangement of the anterior and posterior flagellar basal bodies and the microtubular flagellar rootlets. A numbering system of the basal body triplets was established by tracing axonemal doublets in the serial sections. From these observations, the precise position of two flagellar basal bodies, bands, and flagellar rootlets was determined. Wed, 27 Jan 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64400 2016-01-27T15:00:00Z Kinoshita, Nana Fu, Gang Ito, Toshiaki Motomura, Taizo The flagellar basal apparatus of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus was re-investigated in details using transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. As a result, three-dimensional structures with spatial arrangement of bands and microtubular flagellar rootlets were observed. Fibrous structures linking the anterior flagellar basal body to the major anterior rootlet (R3) or the bypassing rootlet was newly discovered in this study. A direct attachment from the minor anterior rootlet (R4) to the anterior and posterior basal bodies was also discovered, as were attachments from the minor posterior rootlet (R1) to the deltoid striated band and from the major posterior rootlet (R2) to the posterior fibrous band. The microtubular flagellar rootlets were connected to the bands and to the anterior or posterior basal body. These bands may have a role in maintaining the spatial arrangement of the anterior and posterior flagellar basal bodies and the microtubular flagellar rootlets. A numbering system of the basal body triplets was established by tracing axonemal doublets in the serial sections. From these observations, the precise position of two flagellar basal bodies, bands, and flagellar rootlets was determined. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63889 Title: 札幌博物場旧蔵万国博覧会関連資料について Authors: 加藤, 克 Fri, 09 Dec 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63889 2016-12-09T15:00:00Z 加藤, 克 http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63888 Title: Flora of Utasai Mire degraded by drainage ditches and a road Authors: Lee, Ahyoung; Fujita, Hiroko; Motohiro, Haruna Fri, 09 Dec 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63888 2016-12-09T15:00:00Z Lee, Ahyoung Fujita, Hiroko Motohiro, Haruna http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63886 Title: 北海道寿都郡黒松内町来馬湿地の植物相 Authors: 冨士田, 裕子; 李, 娥英 Fri, 09 Dec 2016 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63886 2016-12-09T15:00:00Z 冨士田, 裕子 李, 娥英 http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63475 Title: Body size evolution under character release in the ground beetle Carabus japonicus Authors: Okuzaki, Yutaka; Sugawara, Hisashi; Sota, Teiji Abstract: AimWe tested the hypothesis of character release in body size among allopatric populations of the carabid beetle Carabus japonicus by analysing geographical variation in body size in relation to habitat temperature and sympatry/allopatry with the larger congeneric species Carabus dehaanii. LocationThe main and satellite islands of Kyushu in the south-western part of the Japanese archipelago. MethodsWe studied geographical variation in the body length and genital size of C. japonicus populations at different sites to examine the effects of both habitat temperature and sympatry/allopatry with C. dehaanii. To determine whether the conditions for character release were fulfilled, we then estimated the heritable differences in body size by common garden rearing, and estimated the phylogenetic relationships among populations by molecular phylogenetic analysis. ResultsWhile body size was positively correlated with annual mean temperature, it was consistently small in sympatry but larger in some allopatric populations in warmer regions. The body size differences among populations were heritable. Allopatric C. japonicus populations on satellite islands were derived from the sympatric mainland populations. In a few sympatric areas, mitochondrial haplotypes were shared between the species because of introgressive hybridization, suggesting the occurrence of reproductive interference between the species. We also found that genital size was not affected by sympatry/allopatry, but was positively correlated with body size. Main conclusionsWe demonstrated that the increased body size of allopatric C. japonicus has evolved through a character release process. However, not all allopatric populations had enlarged body size, thus suggesting that some additional environmental factors are also involved. Geographical differentiation in body size and associated genital dimensions may result in prezygotic reproductive isolation among populations and promote allopatric differentiation leading to speciation. Mon, 13 Jul 2015 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63475 2015-07-13T15:00:00Z Okuzaki, Yutaka Sugawara, Hisashi Sota, Teiji AimWe tested the hypothesis of character release in body size among allopatric populations of the carabid beetle Carabus japonicus by analysing geographical variation in body size in relation to habitat temperature and sympatry/allopatry with the larger congeneric species Carabus dehaanii. LocationThe main and satellite islands of Kyushu in the south-western part of the Japanese archipelago. MethodsWe studied geographical variation in the body length and genital size of C. japonicus populations at different sites to examine the effects of both habitat temperature and sympatry/allopatry with C. dehaanii. To determine whether the conditions for character release were fulfilled, we then estimated the heritable differences in body size by common garden rearing, and estimated the phylogenetic relationships among populations by molecular phylogenetic analysis. ResultsWhile body size was positively correlated with annual mean temperature, it was consistently small in sympatry but larger in some allopatric populations in warmer regions. The body size differences among populations were heritable. Allopatric C. japonicus populations on satellite islands were derived from the sympatric mainland populations. In a few sympatric areas, mitochondrial haplotypes were shared between the species because of introgressive hybridization, suggesting the occurrence of reproductive interference between the species. We also found that genital size was not affected by sympatry/allopatry, but was positively correlated with body size. Main conclusionsWe demonstrated that the increased body size of allopatric C. japonicus has evolved through a character release process. However, not all allopatric populations had enlarged body size, thus suggesting that some additional environmental factors are also involved. Geographical differentiation in body size and associated genital dimensions may result in prezygotic reproductive isolation among populations and promote allopatric differentiation leading to speciation. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/62733 Title: Efficacy of a copper-based bactericide in controlling bacterial blight of grapevines caused by Xylophilus ampelinus Authors: Komatsu, Tsutomu; Kondo, Norio Abstract: We investigated the efficacy of a microbial copper agent to protect against bacterial blight of grapevine caused by Xylophilus ampelinus from 2012 to 2014 in Hokkaido, Japan. A solution of the basic copper wettable powder sulfate was sprayed at 10-day intervals in two processing plots, using two application protocols: seven rounds of application immediately after leaf development and three or four applications at the initial onset of the disease. Due to the low disease incidence for the duration of the study, symptoms were only observed on leaves, not on spikes or fruits. The disease incidence in plots that were treated at the initial stage of the disease was significantly lower than in untreated plots. This protective effect improved as the number of applications was increased. After overwintering of these vines, X. ampelinus was detected in the axillary buds of untreated vines, but it was seldom detected in vines treated at the initial onset of the disease. Thus, the copper agent controlled the extent of infection during the year of treatment and reduced the quantity of bacteria surviving overwintering. Our findings indicate that three or four applications of the agent at the initial stage of the disease should be effective to prevent bacterial blight of grapevines. Mon, 31 Aug 2015 15:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2115/62733 2015-08-31T15:00:00Z Komatsu, Tsutomu Kondo, Norio We investigated the efficacy of a microbial copper agent to protect against bacterial blight of grapevine caused by Xylophilus ampelinus from 2012 to 2014 in Hokkaido, Japan. A solution of the basic copper wettable powder sulfate was sprayed at 10-day intervals in two processing plots, using two application protocols: seven rounds of application immediately after leaf development and three or four applications at the initial onset of the disease. Due to the low disease incidence for the duration of the study, symptoms were only observed on leaves, not on spikes or fruits. The disease incidence in plots that were treated at the initial stage of the disease was significantly lower than in untreated plots. This protective effect improved as the number of applications was increased. After overwintering of these vines, X. ampelinus was detected in the axillary buds of untreated vines, but it was seldom detected in vines treated at the initial onset of the disease. Thus, the copper agent controlled the extent of infection during the year of treatment and reduced the quantity of bacteria surviving overwintering. Our findings indicate that three or four applications of the agent at the initial stage of the disease should be effective to prevent bacterial blight of grapevines.